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Passiflora edulis

Sims (1818)

This name is accepted

Kingdom: Viridiplantae Phylum: Magnoliophyta Class/Clade: Eudicot-Rosids Order: Malpighiales Family: Passifloraceae Genus: Passiflora

passion fruit, purple granadilla, purple water lemon, yellow liliko‘i [yellow lilikoi]

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Description

Key Characters:

Growth Form: Large lianas.

Stems: Stems grooved.

Roots:

Leaves: Leaves simple. Alternate. Blades deeply 3–lobed, lateral lobes lanceolate to oblong–lanceolate, central one usually elliptic, sometimes some leaves unlobed and ovate, blades usually 6–18 cm long, 7–20 cm wide. Surfaces glabrous. Margins serrate. Petioles with 2 paired globose nectaries 1–1.5 mm long at apex. Stipules linear–lanceolate, 6–10 mm long, bristlelike, deciduous.

Flowers: Flowers solitary or paired. Bracts 3, ovate, 1.8–2.5 cm long, 1–1.5 cm wide; hypanthium 0.4–0.9 cm long. Flowers bisexual (perfect), white tinged lavender, pendent, campanulate, actinomorphic, up to 9 cm in diameter. Calyx of 5 sepals, imbricate, persistent, keeled at back. Corolla of 5 petals, alternate with the sepals, imbricate; corona 4 whorls, purple at base, white at apex, filamentous, 1.2–2 cm long. Stamens 5(–8), on an androgynophore; filaments purple fading to white apex; anthers dithecal, versatile, opening by longitudinal slits. Ovary superior, 3-carpellate, 1-celled, stipitate, placentation parietal, glabrous to densely pubescent; ovules numerous, anatropous; styles as many as carpels.

Fruit: Berries yellow to reddish or green to greenish purple at maturity; globose; 5–9 cm in diameter; skin brittle; aromatic; succulent; edible aril orange to yellow. Seeds numerous; seed coat bony; reticulate; with a fleshy; yellow; apical aril; embryo embedded in copious oily; soft fleshy endosperm.

Ploidy: 2n = 18

Habitat: Mesic forest and shrubland.

Elevation Range: 80–1,220 m.

Historical Distribution

Images

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Uses and Culture

USES

Natural History

Statewide Status

Naturalized

Island Status

Kuaihelani (Midway Atoll) Potentially naturalizing
Kaua'i Naturalized
O'ahu Naturalized
Molokai Naturalized
Lana'i Naturalized
Maui Naturalized
Hawai'i Naturalized

Dispersal Agents

Birds

Pollinators

Notes

  • 80-1,220 m
  • Description digitized by Dylan Charter
  • Description digitized from the Manual of the Flowering Plants of Hawaii
  • Introduced prior to 1871, by which time it had already become naturalized on East Maui (Hillebrand, 1888).-Plate 143.
  • Passion fruit, purple granadilla, purple water lemon, liliko'i. There are 2 forms of Passiflora edulis in Hawai'i: f. edulis with berries green or greenish purple at maturity; and f. flavicarpa with berries yellow to reddish at maturity. The first seeds of f. edulis were brought to Hawai'i from Australia by Eugene Delemar and planted in about 1880 (Miller, Bazore & Bartow, 1965). Forma flavicarpa was introduced by the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station in 1923 for its edible yellow berries, which are better tasting than those of f. edulis. Analyses of the juice showed 3.9% citric acid (Miller, Bazore & Bartow, 1965). The flowers of f. flavicarpa open in the afternoon, unlike those of f. edulis, which open in the morning. This has been shown to have some importance in pollination ecology. Hybrids have been obtained between the 2 forms (Akamine & Girolami,1957; J. Cox, 1957; Akamine, 1959; Nakasone, Hirano & Ito, 1967).

Bibliography

Name Published In: Bot. Mag. 45: t. 1989 (1818)

Other References

Wagner et al. 1990:1010 (K, O, L, M, H); Hughes 1995:7 (Mo); Staples & Herbst 2005:450 (KEY, DESCR)

Occurrences

SNo. Scientific Name Locality Habitat Basis of Record Description Recorded By Record Number Island Source Date
1 Passiflora edulis Koloa District: Kalaheo, Kaslawai Park Climbing in trees or on rocky ground. Secondary vegetation of Syzygium cumini, Psidium guajava, and Ficus microcarpa. Locally abundant, naturalized. Preserved_Specimen Corolla greenish white, corona dark purple at base, white distally, flowers fragrant. Fruit green, ripening yellow. Lorence, D.H. 5211 Kauai BISH 1987-05-10
2 Passiflora edulis Koolau Mountains; Ewa Forest Reserve. Half way up Aiea Heights Loop Trail Growing along trail and up into trees as high as 20 ft. Planted Eucalyptus forest. Preserved_Specimen Fruits purple when mature. Spence, G. 100 Oahu BISH 1972-07-04
3 Passiflora edulis Waimea; Milolii Ridge Trailing on ground and climbing on bushes. Moist woods. Preserved_Specimen Vine. St.John, H. 13741 Kauai BISH 1933-12-27
4 Passiflora edulis South Ekahanui Naturalized in open forest. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 10677 Oahu BISH 1936-04-22
5 Passiflora edulis Koolau Mts., Honolulu Forest Reserve, Waahila Trail, running NE along Waahila Ridge from the State Park dry open forest Preserved_Specimen Tendrilous vine. Flowers perianth green outside, white tinged with purple inside; corona dark purple at base, white at periphery; styles and stamens green with purple flecks. Fruits large, green Lammers, T.G. 5346 Oahu BISH 1983-08-28
6 Passiflora edulis Koloa District. Kalaheo, yard of house at 3581 Kaloke Road. Cultivated Preserved_Specimen Cultivated vine on fence, leaves medium green, stem 5 cm. diameter. Flowers fragrant (5 pm), bracts green, calyx externally green, internally white, petals white, corona purple basally, white distally, stamens, pistil pale green. Fruits 7.5-9 x 6-7.5 cm., ovoid, purple-pink, seeds gray-black, aril pale orange, jucy, delicious. Lorence, D.H. 10764 Kauai BISH 2018-11-26
7 Passiflora edulis ahupuaa of Halepuaa in the Puna District of Hawaii Growing in a fallow papaya field. Preserved_Specimen Kubo, R. 26 Hawaii BISH 1979-04-23
8 Passiflora edulis Koloa District: Kalaheo, Kalawai Park Secondary vegetation around park with Ficus microcarpa, Syzygium cumini, Psidium, and Schinus. Perennial vine on trees. Common locally, naturalized. Preserved_Specimen Flowers scarcely open (morning), petals and inside of sepals purplish white, corona purple & white. Tipe fruit yellow, ellipsoid, edible. Lorence, D.H. 5568 Kauai BISH 1987-09-26
9 Passiflora edulis ahupuaa of Halepuaa in the Puna District Growing in a fallow papaya fiels. Preserved_Specimen Kubo, R. 26 Hawaii BISH 1979-04-23
10 Passiflora edulis Kokee; Waineke Swamp Partly shaded locality. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 3238 Kauai BISH 1926-06-28
11 Passiflora edulis East Maui, along Hana Hwy., Haiku, across Melia Memorial Park crawling on barbed wire fence; with Stachytarpheta, Psidium, and grasses. Preserved_Specimen Stem becoming woody with age; leaves large, 3-lobed, dark green and shiny; fruit a shiny yellow with small white spots; flowers with white petas, purple and white Ishikawa, S. 159 Maui BISH 1972-10-14
12 Passiflora edulis Forest Reserve Road to Wahiawa Bog Naturalized vine, escaped from cultivation. Preserved_Specimen Stone, B.C. 763 Kauai BISH 1955-06-15
13 Passiflora edulis Power line trail Scrambling over trees and other vegetation. Preserved_Specimen Vine. MacDaniels, L.H. 690 Kauai BISH 1927-02-14
14 Passiflora edulis Kalaupapa; Puu Alii, Ohialele, Manuahi Ridge Metrosideros, Cheirodendron, montane wet forest Preserved_Specimen 5 m long vine; few branched stems, green, scandent; corolla white green; stamens, purple at base, white green at tips Wood, K.R. 11362 Molokai BISH 2005-05-23
15 Passiflora edulis Boundary of Lihue & Kawaihau Districts: Blue Hole, headwaters of N fork of Wailua River Deep valley surrounded by steep cliffs, with lowland wet shrubland vegetation, understory of ferns, Cyanea, and Cyrtandra over rocky, saturated soil. Preserved_Specimen Large vine climbing over low vegetation. Ripe fruits purple, arils orange. Lorence, D.H. 7258 Kauai BISH 1992-08-19
16 Passiflora edulis Road to Kumuwela Lookout Occasional, vine in trees. Preserved_Specimen Perianth lobes greenish on outside, white inside; corona purple and white; stalk and filaments green with purple blotches; anthers greenish with yellow pollen; pistil light green. Crosby, M.R. 1497 Kauai BISH 1964-06-19
17 Passiflora edulis Pahole Gulch; drainage #1 - releve 4 Weed seedling in native mesic forest under Diospyros; Pisonia; Myrsine; Psychotria. Preserved_Specimen Welton, P. 492 Oahu BISH 1990-06-09
18 Passiflora edulis down Chain of Craters Road ~12.9 miles toward Kalapana from intersection with Crater Rim Road; N from turnoff to Naulu Picnic Area (plot 5) Metrosideros - Diospyros mixed forest with patchy stands of Aleurites on aa lava Preserved_Specimen vine Newell, C.L. 465 Hawaii BISH 1966-08-20
19 Passiflora edulis Honaunau Forest, South Kona, near Kealakekua Ranch disturbed open to closed Metrosideros - Acacia koa forest with mixed native trees in understory. Preserved_Specimen vine climbing in Coprosma tree. Flowers white and purple. No fruit. Cuddihy, L.W. 277 Hawaii BISH 1980-03-28
20 Passiflora edulis Waianae Mountains, E & NE (windward) slope of Puu Kanehoa. Base of mountains, edge of pineapple field (a) Mesic forest in valleys and lower slopes (Aleurites moluccana, Cordyline terminalis, abundant Passiflora. (b) Slopes and ridges, with Acacia koa, Freycinetia arborea, Styphelia tameiameiae, Dianella multipedicillata, 1.3 miles west of Kunia Camp. Preserved_Specimen van Royen, P. 257 Oahu BISH 1967-07-04
21 Passiflora edulis Wahiawa, 1576 Glen Ave red clay Preserved_Specimen vine; entire leaves - 2 glands near top Elia, H.V.K. 41 Oahu BISH 1971-04-12
22 Passiflora edulis ahupuaa of Halepuaa in the Puna District Growing in a fallow papaya field. Preserved_Specimen Kubo, R. 26 Hawaii BISH 1979-04-23
23 Passiflora edulis Waianae Mountains; Puu Manawahua Common in woods Preserved_Specimen Ripe fruit purplish. St.John, H. 9892 Oahu BISH 1929-09-29
24 Passiflora edulis old Taylors camp at Haena State Park Area between beach and road. Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Kauai BISH 1978-06-14
25 Passiflora edulis Above Wailua; Wailua Game Reserve Tree plot area. Fertilizer applied topically. Preserved_Specimen Rampant vine; leaves glossy; petals white, corona purple-striped; fruit rose-red. Howard, R.A. 20243 Kauai BISH 1985-10-20
26 Passiflora edulis Kaneohe Bay Dry slope. Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 7102 Oahu BISH 1931-07-05
27 Passiflora edulis Waimea State Park; along highway 55, 1/2 mile from Waimea Canyon Lookout Growing in Koa and Lantana understory of a closed Koa forest. Preserved_Specimen Fruits purple when mature. Spence, G. 96 Kauai BISH 1972-11-06
28 Passiflora edulis Honolulu, Bishop Museum courtyard climbing over wall and pandanus tree Preserved_Specimen Flowers 3+ across; petals 5, white; sepals 5, white above, green below, keeled; bracts 3, pale green in lower half, darker toward tip; many filamentous processes, white in outer 5/8, violet in inner 3/8; pollen yellow; stamens, pistil pale green to yellow green. Odor not very strong or sweet, like almonds Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1941-06-19
29 Passiflora edulis Tantalus woods Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 1033 Oahu BISH 1922-10-13
30 Passiflora edulis Tantalus, near Alexander cottage woods Preserved_Specimen Neal, M.C. Oahu BISH 1930-06-28
31 Passiflora edulis Kalaupapa; Puu Alii Preserved_Specimen herbaceous vine Hughes, G.D. 1080 Molokai BISH 2004-10-26
32 Passiflora edulis Waianae; Mt. Kalena; Aleurites Forest Preserved_Specimen Vine. Grant, M.L. 7438 Oahu BISH 1934-09-30
33 Passiflora edulis Mokuleia Preserved_Specimen flowers opening in afternoon Degener, O. 30119 Oahu BISH 1965-09-01
34 Passiflora edulis Honolulu, Pensacola Street, U.S. Experiment Station Preserved_Specimen Yellow-fruited form. Cultivated. Degener, O. 4170 Oahu BISH 1932-05-23
35 Passiflora edulis Manoa Cliffs Trail Preserved_Specimen Garber, D.W. 385 Oahu BISH 1920-04-18
36 Passiflora edulis Hauula, Cooper Ranch Preserved_Specimen fruit hard shelled Cooper, W.J. Oahu BISH 1938-08-03
37 Passiflora edulis Honolulu, 2357B Palolo Ave Preserved_Specimen Suenaga, B. Oahu BISH 1985-01-01
38 Passiflora edulis Waianae Mts., Polehua Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1694 Oahu BISH 1911-04-01
39 Passiflora edulis down Chain of Craters Road ~12.9 miles toward Kalapana from intersection with Crater Rim Road; N from turnoff to Naulu Picnic Area (plot 5) Preserved_Specimen vine Newell, C.L. 481 Hawaii BISH 1966-08-20
40 Passiflora edulis 2357B Palolo Ave Preserved_Specimen Suenaga, B. Oahu BISH 1985-08-19
41 Passiflora edulis middle Palawai Ridge Preserved_Specimen Degener, O. 10678 Oahu BISH 1936-05-12
42 Passiflora edulis Kolauanui Preserved_Specimen Munro, G.C. 336 Lanai BISH 1914-04-16
43 Passiflora edulis Kokee State Park, on Canyon Trail to Waipoo Falls Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 4949 Kauai BISH 1983-08-26
44 Passiflora edulis Kula Pipeline, Waikamoi Preserved_Specimen Forbes, C.N. 1266 Maui BISH 1919-08-05
45 Passiflora edulis Waianae Range, Honouliuli, North Branch South Kaaikukai Gulch Preserved_Specimen Webster, G.L. 1365 Oahu BISH 1948-03-26
46 Passiflora edulis Halemanu Preserved_Specimen Rock, J.F.C. 1727 Kauai BISH 1909-02-14
47 Passiflora edulis ridge west of the Hanapepe River Preserved_Specimen Heller, A.A. 2542 Kauai BISH 1895-07-17
48 Passiflora edulis Kulani Prison Rd. ~7.4 miles from intersection with Kona-Hilo Hwy. near Hilo, toward Prison; 50 m into forest at left of road (plot 42) Preserved_Specimen Newell, C.L. 351 Hawaii BISH 1966-08-09
49 Passiflora edulis Koolau Mountains; Kipapa Gulch; at edge of forest Preserved_Specimen Hosaka, E.Y. 1020 Oahu BISH 1933-05-06
50 Passiflora edulis N.Kohala, end of Akone Puli Hwy. at Pololu Valley Lookout Preserved_Specimen Wagner, W.L. 5564 Hawaii BISH 1985-06-24
51 Passiflora edulis Aiea loop Trail, Ko'olau Mts Preserved_Specimen Ziegler, M.F. Oahu BISH 1987-06-10
52 Passiflora edulis At the base of trail to Kaluanui Valley, near an old homestead Preserved_Specimen Corn, C. Oahu BISH 1978-03-21
53 Passiflora edulis Honolulu; Upper Manoa Valley; Aihualama Preserved_Specimen Lyon, H.L. 242267 Oahu BISH 1924-10-01
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